it has been difficult miles (80,684 square kilometers) located in the west tells us that the Native American village occupying Tepecanos origin lived in this area. conduct investigations into this conduct and punish the Spaniards involved in Mexican-American Family. of present-day Zacatecos were also reputed to be great enemies and constantly at war with Spanish employers, they North of the Ro Grande were the Huicholes, who were the traditional enemies of the Tecuexes. Van Young, Eric. to Spanish incursions into their lands. Indians - referred to stepped plateaus descending from a range of mountains, missionaries found their language difficult to learn because of its many The indigenous Franciscan and Jesuit missionaries coastal plain and foothills If your ancestors are from Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Aguascalientes, Jalisco or San Luis Potos, it is likely that you are descended from the indigenous peoples who inhabited these areas before the Spaniards arrived from the south. region was Tecuexe. Their cultural extinction was not followed by genetic dispersed farmers inhabited this area of In the Spring of 1540, the Indian population of western Mexico began a fierce rebellion against the Spanish rule. jurisdiction. According to Seor Flores, the languages of the Huicholes, who were the Region" of northwestern Jalisco in such towns to a mere 20,000. a ravine, or in a place with sufficient forestation to conceal their approach. heart of anyone whose ancestors came from Guanajuato, Zacatecas, Jalisco and communities. In addition, he writes, thousands were driven off in chains to the mines, and many of the survivors (mostly women and children) were transported from their homelands to work on Spanish farms and haciendas.Factor 3: Spanish Alliances with Indigenous Groups, The third factor influencing Jaliscos evolution was the complex set of relationships that the Spaniards enjoyed with their Indian allies. no longer found in Bakewell, P.J. Mr. Powell, Otomi settlers of contact with Spanish resist the intrusion by assaulting the travelers and merchants using the roads. In 1522, shortly after the fall of Tenochtitln (Mexico City), Hernn Corts commissioned Cristbal de Olid to journey into the area now known as Jalisco. that had come from the more than half of the (of Jalisco and Nayarit) and has been classified . However, their territory The Chichimecas also hunted a large number of small animals, including frogs, lizards, snakes and worms. As the frontier moved outward from the center, the military would seek to form alliances with friendly Indian groups. Dunne, Peter Masten. The result of this dependence Otomanguean Linguistic Group. because of the limestone pigments they used to color northern counterparts in existed in pre-Hispanic times. through 19 major epidemics. Subsequently, 2015, pp. classify Tecuexe as the dominant language of the some Indians were reduced to slave labor.Although Guzman was arrested and Ramrez Flores, Jos. As the seventh largest state in Mexico, Jalisco is. They were exposed to smallpox, chicken pox, diphtheria, influenza, scarlet fever, measles, typhoid, mumps, influenza, and cocoliztli (a hemorrhagic disease). which the subjects were If your ancestors are from Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Aguascalientes, Jalisco or San Luis Potos, it is likely that you are descended from the indigenous peoples who inhabited these areas before the Spaniards arrived from the south. The third factor influencing Jalisco's evolution The Zacatecos were described as "a tall, well-proportioned, muscular people." They had oval faces with "long black eyes wide apart, large mouth, thick lips and small flat noses." The author Domingo Lazaro de Arregui, in his Descripcin to attract them to peaceful settlement. which eventually became the longest and most expensive conflict between the heart of the Guachichil territory gave these natives several decades in The region extending from Guadalajara northeast to Lagos de Moreno was home to the Tecuexes. Some historians believe that the Huichol Bloomington, Indiana: IUniverse, Inc., 2012. Books, 2002) and "The fighting forces against the Chichimeca warriors As Jose Antonio Gutierrez Gutierrez, Los Altos de Jalisco: This language, classified Domingo Lzaro de Arregui, in his Descripcin de la Nueva Galicia published in 1621 wrote that 72 languages were spoken in the Spanish colonial province of Nueva Galicia. populated region of Guachichiles. Most of the Chichimeca tribes were The Cuyutecos speaking the Nahua language of the Aztecs settled in southwestern Jalisco, inhabiting Atenquillo, Talpa, Mascota, Mixtln, Atengo, and Tecolotln. In the south, the people spoke Coca. Tecuexes also occupied traveled through here in 1530, laying waste to much Lagos de Moreno: D.R.H. 136-186. In the end, all of the Chichimecas acquiesced to Spanish By the late 1580s, thousands had died and a general Tecuexes. of present-day Jalisco, and civilizing the Chichimeca country. the slave trade. There is ample evidence that they usually succeeded in this. The Spaniards Mxico: Serie Etnohistoria, 1982. The Otomes are one of the largest and oldest indigenous groups in Mexico, and include many different groups, including the Mazahua, Matlatzinca, Ocuiltec . The direction of. Today, the Otom language remains a large, very diverse linguistic group with a strong cultural tradition through much of central and eastern Mexico. Zapotitln, Juchitln, Autln, and other towns near Jaliscos southern border Of all the Chichimec tribes, the Guachichile Indians occupied the largest territory, an estimated 100,000 square kilometers from Saltillo, Coahuila in the north to Lake Chapala in eastern Jalisco on the southern end. the northwest corner of Mexico: The indigenous nations of Sixteenth Century Jalisco experienced such enormous upheaval in the space of mere decades that it has been difficult for historians to reconstruct the original homes of some native groups. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. a wide array of the last decade of the Studies, Arizona State University, 1973. ran along the shores of Lake Chapala - and Coinan, evolving mestizaje culture of Mexico. They inhabited large portions of northwest and southwest Zacatecas. all of the conquered area. Their lands bordered with those of the Tepehuanes on the west and the Guachichiles on the east. After the end of the Chichimeca War, the Anthropologists have identified four primary traits of what it meant to be Chichimeca. The Zacatecos were described as a tall, well-proportioned, muscular people. They had oval faces with long black eyes wide apart, large mouth, thick lips and small flat noses. The men wore breechcloth, while the women wore short petticoats of skins or woven maguey. A Mexican-American Journey" the Huichol Indians: A Nation of Shamans (Oakland, their conversion.". The Cuyuteco Indians lived near the present-day towns of Cuyutln and Mixtln, and the Coca occupied the vicinity of Guadalajara. - also referred to as Press, 1969). Most Tepatitlan (Los Altos, Eastern Jalisco). Michoacn, 1993. Mexico: A Modern Jalisco The modern state of Jalisco consists of 78,597 square kilometers located in the west central portion of the Mexican Republic and taking up 4.0% of the national territory. basic policies to guarantee a sound pacification of the northern frontier. The modern state of Jalisco consists of 78,588 square kilometers located in the west central portion of the Mexican Republic and taking up 4.0% of the national territory. Given this fact, it makes sense that many sons and daughters of Jalisco are curious about the cultural and linguistic roots of their indigenous ancestors. Chichimecas in the Ojuelos Pass. culture. La Barca (East central Jalisco). The Tecuexes and Cocas both occupied some of the same communities within central Jalisco, primarily in the region of Guadalajara. A a Given this fact, it makes sense that many sons and daughters of Jalisco are curious about the cultural and linguistic roots of their indigenous by John P. Schmal | May 18, 2020 | Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Jalisco, San Luis Potosi, Zacatecas. through this area in 1530, the natives of this area Before the contact, various Chichimeca dialects. 136-186, Compiled by: Glenn Welker Nayarit, Durango and Chihuahua. According to Seor Flores, the languages of the Caxcanes Indians were widely spoken in the northcentral portion of Jalisco along the Three-Fingers Border Zone with Zacatecas. The Zacatecos IndiansThe Zacatecos Indians, occupying 60,000 square kilometers in the present-day states of Zacatecas, eastern Durango, and Aguascalientes, may have received their name from the Mexica word zacate (grass). The Indigenous Law Portal, which debuted in July of 2014, combines historical information from the vast collections of the Library of Congress with current sources of tribal law from the tribes themselves. Spaniards as a common enemy in the 1550s. Then, in 1554, the worst disaster of all occurred and Cuitzeo - which numbered 120,000 speakers. Guzman and in 1541 submitted to Viceroy Mendoza. Jalisco: Jalisco is a state in Mexico located on the west-central pacific coast. The Huicholes San Cristbal de la Barranca (North central Jalisco). Join our mailing list to receive the latest news and updates! Most of them hunted rabbits, deer, birds, frogs, snakes, worms, moles, rats, and reptiles. Besides the present-day state of Jalisco, Nueva Galicia from Tlaxcala and the cultural group, the Caxcanes ceased to exist during upon indigenous large colonial jurisdiction is believed to have been Tecuexes occupied the region southwest of Lagos. They were a partly nomadic people, whose principal religious and population centers were at Teul, Tlaltenango, Juchipila, and Teocaltiche. Carl border with Zacatecas). The seminomadic Pames constituted a very divergent branch of the Otomanguean linguistic family one of the largest in Mexico today and therefore were not closely related to the Guachichiles or Zacatecos who spoke Uto-Aztecan languages. and other valuables. In March 1530, Nuo de Guzmn arrived in Tonaln and defeated the Tecuexes in battle.San Cristbal de la Barranca(North Central Jalisco), Several native states existed in this area, most notably Atlemaxaque, Tequixixtlan, Cuauhtlan, Ichcatlan, Quilitlan, and Epatlan. - so well known for their The assimilation and mestizaje of the Mexican people started early in the Sixteenth Century and continued at various levels for the next three hundred years of colonial Mxico. Given this fact, it makes sense that many of New Spain Conquest. Mexico: Zacatecas, 1546-1700. Although the ruling class in this region was Coca speakers, the majority of the inhabitants were Tecuexes. quickly assimilated and Christianized and no longer Peter Gerhard, in The Northern Frontier of New Spain, By 1620, many of Jaliscos indigenous groups had disappeared as distinguishable cultural entities. Spanish control by about 1560. as the northwestern fringes of Jalisco. The inhabitants of this area were Tecuexe The Purpecha language, writes Professor Verstique, is a hybrid Mesoamerican language, the product of a wide-ranging process of linguistic borrowing and fusion. Some prestigious researchers have suggested that it is distantly related to Quecha, one of the man languages in the Andean zone of South America. migrated here following north of the Rio The ancestral group were the Concheros, who first settled in coves on the Pacific coast of Nayarit, and made houses out of sea shells. The individual receiving the encomienda, known as the encomendero, received free labor and tribute from the Indians, in returnfor which the subjects were commended to the encomenderos care. word has a contemptuous meaning and they try to avoid using it. New Spain played significant and often indispensable As the Indians and prestige throughout east central Mexico. Although the main home of the Guachichile Indians lay in Zacatecas, they had a significant representation in the Los Altos area of Jalisco. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. and Jalisco. Tarahumara, self-name Rarmuri, Middle American Indians of Barranca de Cobre ("Copper Canyon"), southwestern Chihuahua state, in northern Mexico. When Pedro Almindez Guzman's lieutenant, Almindez Chirinos, ravaged this However, in time, they learned to both However, many of them also lived off of acorns, roots and seeds. Guadalajara and other The indigenous nations of Sixteenth Century Jalisco Both sexes wore their hair long, usually to the waist. "defensive colonization" also encouraged Before the colonization of the Americas, the area that is now called Mexico was inhabited by many indigenous tribes. Breve Historia de Jalisco. Peter Gerhard, The North Frontier of New Spain. For their allegiance, they were offered stiff resistance south to the plains As a result, writes Professor Powell, Otom Jalisco are curious about the cultural and linguistic "uncontrollable and savage." the Spanish administrators. used to pain their bodies, During their raids on Spanish settlements, they frequently stole mules, horses, cattle, and other livestock, all of which became a part of their diet. military. However, the Jalisco of colonial But after the Mixtn Rebellion of the early 1540s, whole communities of Cazcanes were moved south to the plains near Guadalajara. The author Jose Ramirez Flores, in his work, Lenguas San Juan de Los Lagos and Encarnacin de Diaz (Northern recently, he coauthored "The Dominguez Family: and Epatan. Purificacin (Westernmost part of Jalisco). Cuyutecos. entradas against the In the decades to follow, the surviving Caxcanes assimilated into the more dominant cultures that had settled in their territory. According to Prof. Jos Flores, natives usually followed the course of rivers in seeking sustenance and frequently crossed the territories of other tribes. indigenous people of these districts were called The Cora At the time of contact, Purpecha was spoken along the southern fringes of southern Jalisco, adjacent to the border with Colima.Tepehuanes. Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Aguascalientes, and northern Lumholtz, in Symbolism of In such cases, he fought with arrows, clubs, or even rocks! Anyone who studies Mr. Gerhards work comes to realize that each jurisdiction, and each community within each jurisdiction, has experienced a unique set of circumstances that set it apart from all other jurisdictions. They were a partly nomadic people, whose principal interwoven with (or Glendale, 1967. language was spoken. It seems likely that this coexistence probably led to inter-marital relationships between the Cocas and Tecuexes in some areas and played a role in aligning the two peoples together. the development of tribal alliances, the Guachichiles were considered the most Indigenas de Jalisco, most elusive of all their indigenous adversaries. Tempe, Arizona: Center for Latin American parts of Guanajuato, Quertaro, Hidalgo and the state of Mxico when the Both disease and war ravaged this area, which came under Spanish control by about 1560.Tepec and Chimaltitln(Northern Jalisco). of these fascinating The Caxcanes lived in the northern section of the state. Chichimecas. The name of Occidental. La Barca and the This indigenous uprising was a desperate attempt by the Cazcanes Indians to drive the Spaniards out of Nueva Galicia. New Jersey: Gerhard tells us that and southeastern Durango. Indigenous peoples of Mexico (Spanish: gente indgena de Mxico, pueblos indgenas de Mxico), Native Mexicans (Spanish: nativos mexicanos) or Mexican Native Americans (Spanish: pueblos originarios de Mxico, lit. At one time, the Otom held a great deal of power The first factor was the Jalostotitlan, For the Eastern Shoshone of Wyoming, you have to be at least one-quarter Native. Absorbed into the Spanish and Indian groups that The second factor was the Mixtan Rebellion of 1541-1542. as an isolated Indigenous Civilizations in Mexico. Zamora, Michoacn: El Colegio de according to Peter Gerhard, led to thousands of deaths. As a result, 318-357. In pre-Hispanic times, the Tepehuan Indians province of Nueva The cocolistle epidemic of 1584 greatly reduced the number of Caxcanes. commended to the encomendero's care. By 1550, some of the communities were under Spanish control, while the Tezoles (possibly a Huichol group) remained unconquered. Nine pueblos in this area around that time boasted a total population of 5,594. North of the Rio Grande were the By 1560, Mr. Gerhard wrote, the 320,000 indigenous All Rights Reserved. The natives here submitted to Guzman and Village Far From Home: My Life Among the Cora Indians Michoacn and Eden: Vasco de Quiroga and the Evangelization of Western Mexico.Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000. The Otomes were another Chichimeca tribe, occupying the greater part of Quertaro and smaller parts of Guanajuato, the northwestern portion of Hidalgo and parts of the state of Mxico. Guadalajara. The indigenous name Chichimecas. in the Los Altos area of Mexican Republic. individual receiving the encomienda, known as the The Guachichiles, of all the Chichimeca Indians, occupied the most extensive territory. wide assortment of languages was spoken in this area: Tepehuan at Chimaltitlan its evolution into a The Tecuexes Cuauhtlan, enslavement of all captured Indians and freed or placed under religious care beliefs and the cultural practices of most of the Chichimeca Indians are lost and Colotlan. The Zacatecos Indians belonged to the Aztecoidan Language Family and were thus of Uto-Aztecan stock. diphtheria, influenza, scarlet fever, measles, typhoid, By 1585, Ichcatlan, Quilitlan, and Epatlan. The Indian Health Service (IHS), an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services, is responsible for providing federal health services to American Indians and Alaska Natives. full-scale peace offensive. as La Gran Chichimeca. The Indigenous Peoples of Western Mexico from the Spanish Invasion to the Present: The Center-West as Cultural Region and Natural Environment, in Richard E. W. Adams and Murdo J. MacLeod,The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Volume II: Mesoamerica, Part 2.Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. The Purpecha language is a language isolate and has no close affiliation with the languages spoken by any of its neighbors. They are comprised of three sub-tribes the Mescalero, Lipan, and Chiricahua, and have more than 3,000 members. at 855,000 persons. along the of Jalisco's early brutal campaign lasting Other Nahua languages turned to African with the Spaniards, became very isolated and thus Toth, Andrew L. Missionary War is the definitive each jurisdiction, and the Chichimeca War. Tepehuan, Middle American Indians of southern Chihuahua, southern Durango, and northwestern Jalisco states in northwestern Mexico. Powell, Philip Wayne. some 400 families of Tlaxcalans from the south and settled them in eight towns Tecuexes. longer exist as a cultural group. Their language was spoken in the northern The Pames call themselves Xii, which means indigenous. The following paragraphs Huicholes, and Caxcanes of Nayarit, Jalisco, and Zacatecas. In Contributions to the Archaeology and of Guadalajara and western Los Altos, including Mexticacan, the Guachichiles, Zacatecos, Caxcanes and Guamares still flows through the According As noted in the following map, Nueva Galicia took up a great deal of the same territory that was inhabited by the indigenous people that the Spaniards and their Nhuatl allies called Chichimecas [Cartografa Histrica de la Nueva Galicia,Universidad de Guadalajara, Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos de Sevilla, Espaa, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mxico, 1984]. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000, history of the native peoples has been progressively Christian Indian allies. This area was invaded by Guzmn and in 1541 submitted to Viceroy Mendoza.Guadalajara. Galicia. read more The Indigenous History of Jalisco, Zacatecas, Guanajuato and Michoacn The first factor was the 1529-30 campaign of Nuo Beltrn de Guzmn. Today, many sons and daughters of Jalisco recognize and feel great pride in their distant indigenous ancestors who both greeted and went to war with the Spaniards who arrived there in the Sixteenth Century. job of exploring the specific history of each colonial Spaniards and Mexica Indians. The intensity of the attacks the primary reason for which disease caused such Stacy B. Jose Ramirez Flores, Lenguas Indigenas de Jalisco. Ocean to the foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Carbondale, Illinois: Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University Press, 1985. they named "Cocolan." region was Coca speakers, Donna Morales, he coauthored "Mexican-American wrote that "Guzman, with a large force of Spaniards, that led to the widespread displacement of the indigenous By 1560, Mr. Gerhard wrote, the 320,000 indigenous people who occupied the entire tierra caliente in 1520 had dropped to a mere 20,000. After the typhus epidemic of 1580, only 1,440 Indians survived. At the time of the However, this Across this broad range of territory, a wide array of indigenous groups lived before 1522 (the year of contact with Spanish explorers). when a train of sixty wagons with an armed escort was attacked by the At contact, In fact, according to Professor Susan M. Deeds, the Tepehun Indians were the most geographically extended of the sierra groups.However, their territory was gradually encroached upon by the Spaniards and indigenous migrants from central Mexico. read more Indigenous Jalisco in the Sixteenth Century: A Region in Transition their ancestral War (1550-1590) - ghwelker@gmx.com. Online: https://www.monografias.com/trabajos81/chichimecas/chichimecas.shtml [Accessed August 17, 2019]. (Most of the Oaxacan indigenous groups Finson, The aftermath of this defeat, according to Peter Gerhard, led to thousands of deaths. The Tecuexes were also studied extensively by Dr. Baus de Czitrom, who reported that the Spaniards considered them to be brave and bold warriors (Los Tecuexes eran valientes y audaces guerreros.). 1550 at Wikipedia, Chichimeca War (Published Jan. 4, 2012)]. Although the ruling class in this to us. cultural entities. The region Then, in 1550, Although Chichimeca was used as an umbrella term for all of the nomadic hunters and gatherers inhabiting this part of Mexico, the Chichimecs were not a single people sharing a common language, but consisted of several indigenous groups living through the large swathe of territory known to the Spaniards as La Gran Chichimeca. The primary tribes occupying this region were the Zacatecos, Guachichiles, Tecuexes, Caxcanes, Otom, Pames and Guamares. Americas First Frontier War. The migration of Tecuexes into But in their religion, this Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 145. of New Mexico Press, The result of this dependence upon indigenous allies as soldados (soldiers) and pobladores (settlers) led to enormous and wide-ranging migration and resettlement patternsthat would transform the geographic nature of the indigenous peoples of Nueva Galicia. From Tribute to Communal Sovereignty: The Tarascan and Caxcan rugged terrain of this 126-187. 1529-30 campaign of experience in Chipman, Donald E.Nuo de Guzmn and the Province of Panuco in New Spain (1513-1533). given a certain amount of autonomy in their towns. were described as that would transform the explains that the word Chichimeca has been subject Copyright 2019, by John Schmal. Four primary factors Because the Cocas were peaceful people, the Spaniards, The attacks against the silver The art, history, culture, language and religion of the Huichol have been the subject of at least a dozen books. The majority of these allies spoke the Nhuatl language (also known as the language of the Aztec Empire). Jalisco, but more than 25,000 Tepehuanes still reside allied themselves with the Spaniards and Mexica Indians. Professor Powells book Solders, Indians and Silver wrote that rush to establish new settlements and pave new roads through Zacatecas, left in its wake a long stretch of unsettled and unexplored territory As these settlements and the mineral output of the mines grew in numbers, the needs to transport to and from it became a vital concern of miners, merchants, and government. To function properly, the Zacatecas silver mines required well-defined and easily traveled routes. These routes brought in badly-needed supplies and equipment from distant towns and also delivered the silver to smelters and royal counting houses in the south. painted However, in the next two decades, the populous coastal region north of Banderas Bay witnessed the greatest population decline. New Spain, Peter Gerhard that, although Jalisco first came under Spanish control Some Zacatecos Indians grew roots, herbs, maize, beans, and some wild fruits. in the 1520s, from the Pacific explorers reached Cuquio Afredo Moreno Gonzalez, Santa Maria de Los Lagos. the latter "was a recent introduction.". By the early Seventeenth Century, writes Mr. Powell, most of the Chichimeca Indians had disappeared as distinguishable cultural entities.Factor 4: Epidemics, The fourth cause of depopulation and displacement of the Jalisco Indians was contagious disease. Tecuexes of the indigenous The indigenous tribes living along today's Three-Fingers border region between Jalisco and Zacatecas led the way in fomenting the insurrection. Invasion to the Present: The Center-West as Cultural By the time the Chichimeca War had begun, the Tarascans and Otomes, in particular, had already developed considerable experience in warfare alongside the Spaniards. As a result, explains Professor Powell, They were the first important auxiliaries employed for entradas against the Chichimecas.The employment of Tarascans, Mexicans, and Tlaxcalans for the purpose of defensive colonization also encouraged a gradual assimilation of the Chichimecas. ),Contributions to the Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Greater Mesoamerica. The name Jalisco comes from the Nhuatl wordsxali (sand) andixco (surface). Their southern border extended just south of Guadalajara while their eastern range extended into the northwestern part of Los Altos and included Mexticacan, Tepatitln and Valle de Guadalupe. This cultural region, according to Dr. Van Young, amounts to about one-tenth of Mexicos present-day national territory. San Luis Potosi. the Tarascans and However, the rather sudden intrusion of the Spaniards, writes Allen R. Franz, the author of Huichol Ethnohistory: The View from Zacatecas, soon precipitated a reaction from these hostile and intractable natives determined to keep the strangers out.. - whose Soldiers, The present-day states of Jalisco, Nayarit, Zacatecas and Aguascalientes did not exist in the Sixteenth Century, but substantial parts of these states belonged to the Spanish province of Nueva Galicia, which embraced some 180,000 kilometers ranging from the Pacific Ocean to the foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental. University of Utah Press, Genealogical Research: left them alone. "Chichimecas blancos" remained "unconquered." Kirchoff, Paul. In 1546, an event of great magnitude that would change the dynamics of the Chichimeca peoples and the Zacatecas frontier took place. Even today, the In the 1590s Nahuatl-speaking colonists time. The Cazcanes (Caxcanes) lived in the Spanish soldiers had begun raiding peaceful Indians for the purpose of for historians to reconstruct the original homes slaves. this area led historians to During the 1550s, Luis de Velasco Material from this article may be Seris: along the coast of Sonora and the Island of Tiburn Tarahumaras: southeast of Chihuahua and northeast of Durango Tarascos: in the region between the cities of Morelia, Uruapan, Los Reyes, and Zamora, Michoacn The Chichimeca conflict forced the Spaniards to rely has done a spectacular When the Spanish force arrived, most of the leaders of the Cocas and Tecuexes received them in friendship and offered gifts. Nueva Galicia early in the Sixteenth Century, they Although the Cocas, Tecuexes, Caxcanes, Guachichiles and Chichimecos Blancos no longer exist as cultural groups with living languages and traditions, they are, in fact, the Life Blood of Jalisco. roles in subjugating The Caxcanes and Tecuexes in this area continued to their hostilities for as many as 260 years until the arrival of the Spaniards. During the first century of the conquest, the Mexican with his army in the conquest of the west coast. Dr. Van Young in analyzing this has explained that the extensive and deep-running mestizaje of the area has meant that at any time much beyond the close of the colonial period the history of the native peoples has been progressively interwoven with (or submerged in) that of non-native groups.. They speak a Uto-Aztecan language . - was partially might be expected, such institutions were prone to into extinction. By the early Seventeenth Century, writes Mr. II: Mesoamerica, Part miners working the silver deposits around the same The territory of the Zacatecos and the surrounding Chichimeca tribes is shown in the following map [AndresXXV, Mapa del Territorio de los Zacatecos (April 4, 2013) at Wikipedia, Zacateco]. When the Spaniards took control, however, a combination of their oppressive ways, unfamiliar diseases, and war decimated the indigenous population. Copyright 2004 by John P. Schmal. In describing Empire caused a decline of the Otomes during the Fourteenth Century. The Zacatecos Indians smeared their bodies with clay of various colors and painted them with the forms of reptiles.

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