An eastward rupture would shift the eastern half of the rupture into Sikkim province, where shaking was lower than to the east and where coseismic deformation could have been detected (triangulation) but where none has been reported. It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. India Geol. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003309. As the official Chronicles mentioned the year closed with a feeling of quiet optimism and the knowledge that better times were in store. The worst damage in Terai was observed in Siraha and Saptari Districts. The towns of Munger and Muzaffarpur were completely destroyed. Publ. Roads were tom and alignments were changed. Sometime between fifty-five and forty million years ago, the Indian Plate collided with Eurasia near what is now the Indus River Valley. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S., Rockwell, T. K., Briggs, R. W., Thakur, V. C., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2006). (Following is a reproduction of the account written by P.C Roy Choudhury). He We then used the Forecast Time Series button to create the plot below of the time-dependent change in probability of an earthquake M>6 within the circular region. ), Historical disaster experiences, transcultural researchHeidelberg studies on Asia and Europe in a global context (p. 241266). [9][10], Mahatma Gandhi visited the Bihar state. First published on Sat 25 Apr 2015 16.53 EDT. Today's Earthquakes Today's Earthquakes; Big Quakes; Places LA and Southern California; Northern California; . 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad, Journal of Earth System Science. Mishra, R. L., Singh, I., Pandey, A., Rao, P. S., Sahoo, H. K., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2016). In 2016, floods affected over 2.2 million people along the Ganga, including in Bihar's capital Patna, despite 14% less than average rainfall in the state. Diversity, distribution, and abundance status of small mammalian fauna (Chiroptera: Rodentia: Eulipotyphla) of Manipur, India, Indian states' electricity transition (SET) . Geophys. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074270. Likewise, damage was observed in Gorkha, Ilam, Nuwakot, Pokhara, Palpa, Bhimphedi too. Heres The Truth! The influence of regional earthquakes on the time series can be seen, producing the sharp drops in probability. India As of 27 April 2015 at 4:14 p.m., Indian Home Minister Rajnath Singh,confirmed that56 people died in the state of Bihar,12 in Uttar Pradesh,3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Nakata, T., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. (2018). The 1999 earthquake helped bring Erdogan to power. Am. Most of the buildings in Muzzafarpur were damaged. Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. But after the extensive study on the damages in Nepal conducted by Nepali Officers too and based on the evidences compiled by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher, later it was relocated within Nepal. Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 57075715. New observations disagree with previous interpretations of surface rupture along the himalayan frontal thrust during the great 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake. (M 6.9) You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Location and magnitude of the 1833 Nepal earthquake and its relation to the rupture zones of contiguous great Himalayan earthquakes. Springer, Singapore. A catalog of felt intensity data for 589 earthquakes in India, 16362008. Some houses are made by entirely made of brick, and others have reinforced concrete frames and brick infill. Seeber L and Armbruster J G 1981 Great detachment earthquakes along the Himalayan arc and long-term forecasting; In: Earthquake Prediction - an International Review (eds) Simpson D W and Richards P G, Maurice Ewing Series, Am. No precise geodetic measurements were in place across the 1934 rupture area due to Nepal's political isolation in 1850 when the Trigonometrical Survey of India was in progress. and JavaScript. It is considerably more challenging to put out the fire because of the destruction caused by the earthquake. Effects of Tapered Flange: (i) Bolted Connection: Bolt . Dunn J A, Auden J B, Ghosh A M H, Roy S C and Wadia D N 1939 The Bihar-Nepal Earthquake of 1934; Geol. [5] In Rajnagar, near Madhubani, all the Kutcha buildings collapsed. Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. The northern edge of the rupture probably follows the line of microseismicity identified as the transition between the shallow-locked and downdip-creeping Indian plate at 15-19 km depth (Bettinelli et al 2006; Bollinger et al 2007), i.e. Journal of Seismology, 20, 733745. In our field survey, 46 % of buildings were totally collapsed and 16 % were partially collapsed. It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. [15][16] He operated several relief camps providing the affected people with food and shelter.[17]. Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1954). Bilham, R. (1995). In Patna, many buildings in the bazaar were destroyed and damage was particularly severe along the river. There is evidence that even larger events have occurred in the past, and geodetic and seismic monitoring show that stress is accumulating now. The country is one of the 20 most threatened countries in the world. Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15 1934. Causes behind Misinterpretation in location of Epicenter. There was a serious earthquake in Bihar in 1934, the devastating effects of which GTG captured by photograph in great detail. Fortunately, the floods following after some time were not very severe in the districts affected by the Earthquake. Cur Sci, 83, 10191025. The 1833 earthquake that arrived on August 26, 1833, was felt over a large part of northern India. Burrard, S. (1934). 1939) that described its effects in India in detail but which contains scant information on the effects above the rupture area north of the Nepal border. Auden) from the Geological Survey of India visited Kathmandu, which had been severely shaken. More than 80,000 houses were damaged. 3. India Spec. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Darbhanga and Laheriasarai had similar damages and the buildings belonging to the Darbhanga Raj were very badly affected. The loss to livestock was enormous. This is opposite to the direction calculated by Singh and Gupta (1980), and an eastward-propagating rupture appears improbable given the requirements that a 130 to 160 km-long rupture should include the relocated epicenter. Earthquakes of the Indian Subcontinent pp 159171Cite as, Part of the GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences book series (GEPS). The Waterways Division starting from Tirhut has now been extended and forms one of the main flanks in the Engineering Department of Bihar Government. Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad. Res. Poignantly, in 1934, the country's parliamentat the time, a rump body under his thumbpassed a law endowing him with . Journal of Geophysical Research, 82, 29452969. Paleoseismic evidence of a giant medieval earthquake in the eastern himalaya. National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, You can also search for this author in According to the National Centre for Seismology, the tremors measured 3.5 on the Richter scale and were felt around 9.23 pm. All the kutcha (ramshackle) buildings collapsed, while other pukka (solidly built) buildings suffered damage due to sinking and cracking of the ground.[5]. Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in north Bihar, India. Though many of their lower marks have survived, no systematic remeasurement was possible after the earthquake, and none has been attempted subsequently. Soc. Thank you for visiting nature.com. (Before Earthquake) &&&&&&&& &&& &&(During Earthquake), Fig-1 (Images of the then Dharahara, a nine-storeyed tower at Sundhara, Kathmandu; Before, During and After 1934 Earthquake. [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. In H. J. Couchman (Ed. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 26522658. S. K. BANERJI . Bomford, G. (1937). Extensive damage was caused to life and property. The agricultural field was covered in knee-deep mud following the 1934 Bihar earthquake. (1981). Rana, B. S. (2013). [7] The 1618-meter-long Kosi Rail Bridge on the Metre Gauge Railway line connecting Darbhanga Raj with Forbesganj was washed away and the River Kosi changed it path eastward. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. M8.7 Assam earthquake, 1905 M8.6 Kangra earthquake, 1934 M8.4 Bihar-Nepal earthquake and the 1950 M8.6 Assam-Tibet earthquake. Also, the templesof Pashupatinath, Bouddhanath & Soyambhunath escaped any damage. Wesnousky, S. G. (2020). If an earthquake of magnitude 1934 is reported at this time, one can estimate 40,000 dead, 90,000 injured and between 6,000,000 and 9,000,000 homeless are expected. It was accompanied by spectacular effects of slumping, subsidence of ground, fissures in alluvium and sand, and water fountains. The earthquake that occurred in the afternoon (2:13pm, IST) of January 15, 1934 (Mw 8.2), is one of the strongest among the twentieth century Himalayan events. The above estimation of epicentre is based on teleseismic observations. ), 2019. Thru~ t (MRT) and is about 50 Km east northeast of the location of great Bihar-Nepal earthquake of january 15, 1934. Journal of Earth System Science. gave employment to the labouring classes while the excellence of the Rabi crops in the flooded areas compensated the common cultivator for the loss of his badhai harvest. ISSN 0028-0836 (print). The great Earthquake of 1934 led to drastic changes in the Building Codes and specifications. Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. Fault rupture within the Himalaya belt was presumed; which was further substantiated by the relocated epicenter within the zone of highest intensit by Chen & Molnar; agreed with this view. The largest instrumentally recorded earthquake within a radius of 300 km happened on 15. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 494, 216225. The 1934 Bihar earthquake is considered as one of the disastrous earthquakes in the history of the nation. The magnitude of the earthquake was 8.1. Nature (London), 582583. Princeton University Press. About two hundred million years ago an ocean separated India from the rest of Eurasia. 8.0 magnitude earthquake. 3. [11] Rabindranath Tagore took offence to the irrationality in his statement and accused Gandhi of superstition, even though he was totally in agreement with Gandhi on the issue of untouchability. Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa, Patna, 1935. 3.3 BIHAR - NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 1934 This 8.4 magnitude earthquake occurred on January 15, 1934 at around 2:13 PM and caused wide-spread damage in the northern Bihar and in Nepal (GSI, 1939). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Petroleum exploration in Nepal. Pandey, M. R., & Molnar, P. (1988). the Kinnaur earthquake (1975), Dharam . 423482). Zones like Dharan, Sindhuli, Udayapur and Bhojpur were severely damaged. Damage to a man-made structure. Bomford G 1937 Leveling in Bengal and Bihar 93-97. The next crops in the affected areas were not bad. Jorganesh Press. Seismicity of the earth and associated phenomena. Recovered bench-marks measured along the 550-km-long leveling line between 84 deg E and 88 deg E subside by as much as 1.1m near points that have subsided by less than 0.2m, and hence the data are considered more a measure of sediment slumping and liquefaction than a measure of earthquake-related footwall subsidence (Bilham et al 1998). which caused irreparable damage to human structures. Yeats R S, Nakata T, Faraj A, Fort M, Mirza M A, Pandey M R and Stein R S 1992 The Himalayan frontal fault system; Ann. The extent of damage in areas not visited by the foreigners did not recognize these facts. 1442-1444. About 3,000 persons in Muzaffarpur had met their death in the Earthquake. Geophysical Research Letters. Steven Ward is a Research Geophysicist at Nepal-Bihar 1934. Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Nepal (136 p). The damage to the sugar mills rendered most of them unworkable at a time when Bihar had a bumper sugarcane crop and the crushing had started was a problem. Will The Chinese Spy Balloon Start a War With China? Bettinelli P, Avouac J-P, Flouzat M, Jouanne F, Bollinger L, Willis P and Chitrakar G R 2006 Plate motion of India and interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS measurements; J. Geod. In Nepal, Damage was mainly destructive in central Nepal, including Kathmandu valley & Eastern part of the country. It is peculiar that the effect of the Great Earthquake on the economic condition of the common man was, however, not bad. Their most famous difference and debate was in 1934 when Gandhi was reported in the press to have made a statement following the devastating Bihar earthquake of 1934: "I want you to be superstitious enough to believe with me that the earthquake is a divine chastisement for the great sin we have committed against those whom we describe as Harijans". and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. The 1934 NepalIndia earthquake or 1934 BiharNepal earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in India's history. Seismic instruments of that period were adequate to measure the magnitudes and properties of earthquakes smaller than magnitude 6 or so, but were not sensitive to the longer wavelengths and periods of great earthquakes such as the Bihar event. Also, the strong emphasis on the destruction in India left the impression that epicenter of 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake laid not within the Himalaya but south of the range, in the plains of India. For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenburg & Richter (1954). Sir E. Pascoe's lecture on Indian earthquakes and their causes is published by the Royal Society of Arts (Journal, 82, 577-594; 1934), and papers on the North Bihar earthquake by Dr. M. S . Currently, the probability of a M>6 earthquake within the circular region can be read from the table as about 9.2% over the next year from now, June 13, 2013. done in Zurich after a mining disaster in 1906 and an earthquake in Messina, Italy in 1908 (Stierlin, 1909 and 1911). Top 5 Most Violent States to Live in The US, The US Armys 5 Disastrous Wartime Decisions, 6 of the Most Powerful Revolutions in History, 6 Times We Have Avoided All Out Nuclear War, Devastating Political Assassinations That Changed History, The Story Behind The U2 Spy Plane And All Its Consequences May, 1, 1960, Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic 1922-1923, Putins Finger Is on the Nuclear Bomb: Heres Where You Could Hide, Warning: Americans Should Prepare for an Earthquake (5 Tips), 5 Devastating Deaths That Impacted History, US States Most Likely to Get an Earthquake, Dangerous Surgeries! Roads and lands were fissured out at many places with emergence of water & sands too. Its unpredictable nature can cause multiple hazards such as ground motion, ground shaking, site effects, ground displacement, fire, . Major Copyright 2023 Devastating Disasters.com | Powered by, Bihar Earthquake India January 15, 1934. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100(2), 562569. The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. In addition, possible death and injury figures were estimated by looking at statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in other parts of the world. Bihar is located in the high seismic zone that falls on the boundary of the tectonic plate joining the Himalayan tectonic plate near the Bihar-Nepal Border and has six sub-surface fault lines moving towards the Gangetic planes in four directions. CrossRef Revolutions happen, The two atomic bombings from Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, America is no stranger to the devastating impact a political, Timeline: 1 May 1960: An American U-2 spy plane being, During World War I prices in Germany had doubled, but, The fiasco of the Afghan presidential election of 2009 is, On February 20th, President Vladimir Putin released a warning to the West over Ukraine, by, Do you know how to protect yourself in case of an earthquake?

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